Herba Polygoni Avicularis - Bian xu

Bian Xu had inhibitory effect on staphylococcus, bacillus pyocyaneus, dermomycosis, Shigella flexneri and Shigella sonnei (Wen et al., 1990).

Radix Isatis tinctoria - Ban lan gen

Ban Lan Gen has antibacterial action on various gram positive and negative bacteria. Decoction or water extract of Ban Can Gen has inhibitory effect on staphylococcus aureus, pneumococcus, α-streptococcus, A-meningococcus, escherichia coli, typhoid bacillus, shigella dysenteiae, hemophilus Influenzae, etc. Ban Lan Gen Injection also has antiendotoxin action. 50% Ban Lan Gen Injection has obvious inhibitory effect on influenza virus strain PR8 and Jingke 68-1. 100% Ban Lan Gen decoction can delay the cytopathy caused by strain Jingke 68-1 and adenovirus-7. Besides, it can also inhibit arbovirus, mumps virus and surface antigen of hepatitis B virus.*

The Antivirus Activity of Isatis Root Polysaccharide on PRRSV in Vitro

Wang Xuebing, Zhang Hongying, Cui Baoan, Liu Rui, Xu Duanhong. Xi Bei Nong Ye Xue Bao. 2009; 18(1): 198-200.

In this experiment, Isatis root polysaccharide (IRPS) was extracted from isatis root by water-extraction and ethanol-precipitation and was added into Marc-145 cells before or after with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndromes virus (PRRSV) respectively to evaluate its effect on the virus infection. The results showed that. In the safe concentration scope, IRPS has a good blocking and inhibitory action to PRRSV in vitro, the minimum concentration of blocking is 2.094mg/mL, and the minimum inhibitory concentration is 8. 375mg/mL.*

Study of Radix Isatidis extraction on mouse with influenza virus FM1 strain

Liu Jian, Li Xiaomian, Jiang Yong. Xian Dai Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi. 2008; 17(9): 1303-1304.

Objective: It is to investigate the influence of Radix Isatidis extraction on mouse with influenza virus FM1 strain, Methods: The mouse model was induced by nose dropping method with influenza virus. The lung index and death rate was observed; chicken embryo method was adopted in extracorporeal experiment of Radix Isatidis extraction on mouse with influenza virus FM1 strain. Results: The lung index and death rate of drug groups had significantly difference compare with the model group; the pathological change of lung was improved. The Radix Isatidis extractive showed significant inactivation of influenza virus FM1 strain on chick-embryo culture. Conclusion:*

Radix Isatidis extractive has antiviral effects on influenza virus FM1 strain.*

The Effects of Radix Isatidis on Immunological Function and Influenza Virus (FM1) in Kunming Mice

Jin Ming-zhe, Ren Dong-xian, Meng Fan-ping, LI Xiao-mian. Shi Zhen Guo Yi Guo Yao. 2007; 18(2): 394-396.

Objective: To study the strengthening function of extract of Radix Isatidis on immune system in Kunming mice and its antiviral effects on influenza virus (FM1). Methods: Extract of Radix Isatidis was intraperitoneally injected to Kunming mice. Lymphocyte proliferation assay and rosette formation test were used to measure the cellular immune function and humeral immune function and erythrocytic immune adhesive function of mice. FMt virus was dropped nasally in Kunming mice, then the animals were control intraperitoneally injected extract of Radix Isatidis, the antiviral effects of Radix Isatidis were observed. Results: Compared with control group, spleen index in the Radix Isatidis group increased (F=4.578, P<0.05). Compared with control group, SI of T lymphocyte in the Radix Isatidis group increased significantly (F=15.537, P<0.01), SI of B lymphocyte increased obviously (F=11.050, P<0.01), and the rate of RBC-C3bR was increased (F=7. 865, P<0.01), too. Compared with control group the rate of RBC-IC in the Radix Isatidis group decreased greatly (F=20.354, P<0.01). Compared with negative group, Lung index in the Radix Isatidis group decreased (F=47.020, P<0.05). The degree of change in weight of that group was higher than negative group (F=25.877, P<0.05). Conclusion: Radix Isatidis has strong strengthening function on immune system in Kunming mice; its enhancing function on red cell immune adherence (RCIA) is extremely significant. Moreover, it also has antiviral effects on influenza virus.*

Folium Isatidis tinctoria - Da qing ye

Decoction of Da Qing Ye has varying degrees of inhibitory effect on staphylococcus aureus, diplococcus pneumoniae, α-streptococcus, meningococcus, hemophilus Influenzae, typhoid bacillus, escherichia coli, shigella dysenteiae, bacilius diphtheriae, etc. It can kill leptospira. Besides inhibiting HBsAg, Da Qing Ye has obvious inhibitory effect on influenza virus. Da Qing Ye also has antiendotoxin action.*

Antiviral Activity of the Effective Monomers from Folium Isatidis against Influenza Virus in Vitro

Liu Zhao, Yang Zhanqiu, Xiao Hong. Zhong Nan Min Zu Da Xue Xue Bao: Zi Ran Ke Xue Ban. 2009; (3): 42-46

The antiviral activity of the 4 effective monomers from Chinese medicinal herb Folium Isatidis (FI) 1, 2, 3 and 4 against influenza virus (H1N1) was investigated by cell culture technique to observe cytopathic effect (CPE), MTT colorimetric assay and hemagglutination titer test to obtain virus inhibitory rate. The results showed that the four monomers may inhibit influenza virus biological synthesis other than directly inactivate this virus or block its adsorption onto susceptible cells. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the four monomers were 30. 80, 29. 74, 27. 56, 25. 85 rag/L, respectively and the treatment indexes (TI) were figured out as 6. 33, 9. 30, 10. 77 and 15. 05. Their antiviral activities are more effective than ribavirin (IC50= 101.05 rag/L, TI= 5.25) and antiviral liquor (IC50=104. 41 mg/L, TI=5. 03) at the same dosage level (P<001). 160 mg/L of the monomers can nearly inhibit 90 percent’s of the proliferation of influenza virus in MDCK cells. Moreover, in the range of 40-160 mg/L the four monomers can significantly decrease the hemagglutinin titer of influenza virus (P<0.05). We thus conclude that the monomers No. 1, 2, 3, 4 from Folium Isatidis can inhibit the proliferation of the influenza virus in MDCK cell effectively and safely.*

Antiviral Activity of the Effective Monomers from Folium Isatidis against Coxackievirus B3 Virus in Vitro

Liu Zhao, Yang Zhanqiu, Xiao Hong. Zhong Nan Min Zu Da Xue Xue Bao: Zi Ran Ke Xue Ban. 2009; (2): 41-45

The antiviral activity of the 4 effective monomers from Chinese medicinal herb Folium Isatidis (FI) No. 1, 2, 3 and 4 against Coxackievirus B3 virus was obtained by cell culture technique and MTT colorimetric assay to observe cytopathic effect (CPE) and to get virus inhibitory rate. The results showed that the four monomers may inhibit CVB3 biological synthesis other than directly inactivate this virus or block its adsorption to susceptible cells. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of the four monomers were 30. 75, 28. 54, 35. 31, 26. 15 mg/L, respectively. And the treatment index (TI) were 6. 51, 9. 71, 8. 24 and 14. 96 respectively. Their antiviral activity were more effective than ribavirin (IC50=103. 13 mg/L, TI=5. 22) and antiviral liquor (IC50 =105.44 mg/L, TI =5.02) at the same dosage level (P<0.01). Moreover, there are obvious dosage-effect relationship between the 2 -128 mg/L dose of the 4 monomers and the anti-CVB3inhibitory rate in vitro (P<0.01). A concentration of 128 mg/L of the monomers can nearly inhibit 90 percent of the proliferation of CVB3 in Hep-2 cells. We conclude that the 4 monomers from Folium Isatidis can inhibit the proliferation of the CVB3 in Hep-2 cell effectively and safely.*

Anti-Herpes Effects of the Extract from Indigowoad Leaf in Vitro

YU Shu-qing, CHEN Xiang-yi, YU Ling. Yi Yao Dao Bao. 2008; 27(4): 394-396

Objective: To study effects of the extract from Indigowoad leaf on herpes simplex virus (HSV)-II in vitro. Methods: Using Vero cell as host cells and acyclovir as positive control, the cytotoxicity’s on cells by the herbs, the direct virus destroying and inhibition on virus proliferation were investigated by adopting MTT assay and observing the cytopathic effect (CPE). Results: It was showed that the herbs had no direct inactivation on HSV-II in vitro, no inhibition on virus absorption either. However, the herbs could inhibit HSV-II biosynthesis and multiplication. The treatment index (TI) was 3. 56. Conclusion: The extracts from Indigowoad leaf show some anti-HSV-II effects in vitro by suppressing virus replication in cells.*

Flos Chrysanthemi Indici – Ye Ju Hua

In vitro tests shoed- this should be showed that 1:80 ye ju hua could delay the cell changes after infection by ECHO11 virus. 1:320 decoction of ye ju hua had inhibitory effect on staphylococcus aureus, bacilius diphtheriae, bacillus dysenteriae and bacillus pyocyaneus.*

Experimental study of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici Particles on the effects of anti-inflammation and analgesia

Huang Yong, Su Yun, Chen Li, She Yali, Zhao Zhongyang, Zhao Yuzhu. Gan Su Zhogn Yi Xue Yuan Xue Bao. 2009; 26(5): 5-6

Objective: To observe the effects of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici Particles on anti-inflammation and analgesia, and provide experimental basis for clinical application. Methods: Anti-inflammatory effect of Flos Chrysanthemi Indici Particles was investigated by xylene-induced tumefaction of ear in mice, analgesic effect was investigated by acetic acid writhing test in mice. Results: Flos Chrysanthemi Indici Particles showed significant inhibition to tumefaction of ear in mice induced by xylene, and could remarkably reduce the frequency of twisting body induced by acetic in mice. Conclusion: Flos Chrysanthemi Indici Particles have analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects (Huang et al., 2009).*

Experimental Research on Antibacterial Effect of Flos Chrysanthemum Water Decoction in Vitro

Zeng Shuai, Wang Zi-shou, Ren Yong-shen, Jia Jun. Zhong Guo Zhong Yi Ji Zheng. 2008; 17(7): 971-971

Objective: To evaluate Flos chrysanthemum water decoction antibacterial effect to common pathogenic bacterial by determination antibacterial activity in vitro which may be helpful to exploitation and clinical research. Methods: MIC of Flos chrysanthemum water decoction was determined by agar dilution method. Results: The experiment results indicated, it had the differently prohibitive effect to twelve pathogens used in the experiments: primarily to staphylococcus aureus, epidermidis septicemia, diphtheroid bacillus, klebsiella pneumoniae; but had little inhibitory action to haemolytic streptococcus and streptococcus viridans. Conclusion: Flos Chrysanthemum water decoction can cure several diseases of eyes in clinical medicine, which was made into eye drops to make patients convenient, so it is worth to research and further develop.*

Anti-respiratory Syncytial Virus Effect of the Extraction of Chrysanthemum Indicum in Vitro

Zhang Zhen-Ya, Fang Xue-Ping, DiaoZhi-Hua, Zeng Rui-Hong, Mei Xing-Guo. Jie Fang Jun Yao XueXue Bao. 2006; 22(4): 273-276

Aim: To evaluate the effect of anti-respiratory syncytial virus of the extraction of Chrysanthemum indicum in vitro. Methods: The cytotoxicity and antiviral activity of the extraction of Chrysanthemum indicum were tested by the plaque reduction method and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl) 2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) MTT assay, with ribavirin treat as the positive control drug. Results: The median effective concentration (50% effective concentration, EC50) and the median cytotoxicity concentration (50% cytotoxicity concentration, CC50)of the extraction of Chrysanthemum indicum were (60.9 ± 2.41) mg · ml^ -1 and (2.03 ± 0.08) mg · ml^-1, respectively. The selectivity index [SI] (CC50 for HEp-2 : EC50) of it for RSV was 34. SI) 4 is considered significant. Moreover, the extraction of Chrysanthemum indicum gave time-course experiments in inhibiting RSV. In this assay testing its effect of on viral growth, it showed obvious effect of inhibition on RSV when the herb was added at 2, 4, 6h and 8h after infection (P<0.01). By an inhibition assay for virus absorption and penetration during the contact between the virus and cells, the extraction of Chrysanthemum indicum inhibited RSV absorption on the cells (P<0.01)and penetration into the cell (P<0.01). The extraction of Chrysanthemum indicum also displayed direct inactivation on RSV. Conclusion: The extraction of Chrysanthemum indicum showed potent inhibition to RSV in vitro.*

Herba cum Rd Violae Yedoensitis - Zi hua di ding

Zi hua di ding is a wide-spectrum antibiotic. in vitro tests showed that its injection had streptococcus A diplococcus pneumoniae and tubercle bacillus. Water extract (1:80) showed inhibitory effect on herpes simplex virus.*

Studies on antibacterial constituents in Viola yedoensis

LI Ding-gang, ZHANG Wu-gang, SONG Yu-min, LI Hong-fei, WU Hai-jun, JIN Ya-ping, ZHOU Le. Xi Bei Nong Lin Ke Ji Da Xue Xue Bao. 2006; 34(4): 87-90

The antibacterial constituents from Viola yedoensis is extracted by ultrasonic extraction technique. Then antibacterial test is conducted to trace the active section, and an antibacterial compound is separated and purified through chemical methods. According to ultraviolet spectrum data, High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) assayed its fineness. Eventually, turbid degree comparison method with cuvettes is used to measure its antibacterial activity. It is concluded that the compound is flavonoids, and its content is 97.50 %. To Salmonella and pathogenic bacteria of dairy cow including S. a ureas, S, uberis, S. dysagalactiae, S, agalactiae and E. coll., its minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC, mg/mL) is 312, 39, 156, 156, 312, 39 and minimal bacteriostatic concentration (MBC, mg/mL) is 625, 312, 312, 312, 625, 312.*

In-vitro Antibacterial Activity of the Combination of Herba Violae and Herba Taraxaci in Different Proportions

TONG Yanqing, LI Hui. Guang Zhou Zhong Yi Yao Da Xue Xue Bao. 2006; 23(6): 487-491

Objective: In-vitro antibacterial activity of the combination of Herba Violae (HV) and Herba Taraxaci (HT) in different proportions was compared and analyzed for the optimization of the combination proportion of Herba Violae and Herba Taraxaci and the influencing factors. Methods: The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the combination of HV and HT was determined by agar double dilution method and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) by broth dilution method, and bactericidal curve was traced. Meanwhile, the resistance of the combination of HV and HT induced by sub-inhibitory concentration was analyzed, and the influencing factors of in-vitro antibacterial activity were investigated. Results: The combination of HV and HT in the proportion of 1:4 had a better antibacterial activity on four kinds of gram-positive bacteria and on four kinds of gram-negative bacteria, and exerted an bactericidal effect on Escherichia coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae (both MBC50/MIC50 and MBC90/MIC90 being 2). The bactericidal curve showed that 2 Log cfu/mL bacteria strain could be killed by the combination of the proportion being 1:4 at 8^th hour, the effect being superior to that of other two combinations. Inoculation dosage, serum amount and pH value had no effect on in-vitro antibacterial activity. Conclusion: The combination of HV and HT in the proportion of 1:4 has a better antibacterial activity.*

Study on Bioactive Parts with Anti-bacteria Function Anti-inflammatory Effects and in Viola Yedoensis Makino

CHEN Hu-lan, TANG Pei-ran, CHEN Xing, Zhao Bo, Zhang Mei. Cheng Du Zhong Yi Yao Da Xue Xue Bao. 2008; 31(2): 52-53

Objective: To identify the bioactive parts with anti -inflammatory effects and anti -bacteria function in Viola yedoen-sis Makino. Methods: The models of dimethylbenzene-induced mouse ear edema and vitro antibacterial experiment were performed.*

Results: The water extract and ethyl acetate part could inhibit ear enema (P<0.05) and had antibacterial activities against Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis. Conclusion: The water extract and ethyl acetate part are the main bioactive parts of Viola yedoeusis Makino.*

In vitro, both the flower and vine inhibited many kinds of pathogenic organisms such as Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus hemolyticus, Escherichia coli, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, and Salmonella paratyphi; they were also effective against Diplococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A wider antibacterial spectrum was obtained when the herb was used in combination with the fructus F. suspensa.*

Used with penicillin, it potentiated the action of the latter agent against the drug resistant Staphylococus aureus, probably by inhibiting the synthesis of bacterial proteins. Chlorogenic acid and isochlorogenic acid were thought to be the chief active principles of this herb, but luteolin was also shown to have strong antibacterial action. In vitro, the aqueous extract exhibited various degrees of inhibitory effect against skin fungi such as Microsporum ferrugineum and Nocardia asteroides.*

In the monolayer primary culture of the epithelial cells of human embryonic kidney, Flos L. japonica decoction inhibited the influenza virus, ECHO virus, and herpes virus. The aqueous extract of the vine was also shown to delay cellular pathological changes due to ECHO virus. In vitro, decoction of Flos L. japonica and its vine also inhibited leptospirae. Intraperitoneal or subcutaneous injection of a preparation from the vine and the aerial part of Senecio scandens was effective in treating leptospirosis in rabbits and preventing this disease in guinea pigs.*

Study on the Anti-inflammatory Activity of the Product Extracted from Flos Lonicerae Japonicae

WANG Lin-qing, CUI Bao-an, ZHANG Hong-ying, GAO Wen-ming, LI Shuang-liang. Zhnog Guo Xu Mu Shou Yi. 2008; 35(8): 82-84

The aim of this paper is to study the anti-inflammatory activity of the product extracted from Flos lonicerae japonicae. Anti-inflammatory activity was studied by using mouse foot swelling model that made by injecting of egg white. The models were treated with the extraction, and the dexamethasone, piyanphng ointment were used as positive control, then the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated. Results showed that the anti-inflammatory effect of the product extracted from flos lonicerae japonicae is potent.*

Experimental Study on Honeysuckle Extract Against Bacteria

Wang Qing, Zhu Xuan-xuan, Zhang Chi-bing, Ni Wenpeng, Xu Xutong. Zhong Guo Yi Yao Dao Kan. 2008; 10(9): 1428-1430

Abstract: Objective: To study the extract of honeysuckle anti-bacterial effect. Methods: Use the test-tube method to observe the standard extract of honeysuckle Staphylococcus aureus, E. coli, Bacillus subtilis Buds and clinical isolates of Staphylococcus auleus, E. coil, Acinetobacter, Klebsiella pneumonia hundred Craven, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Who aureus, Pseudomonas onion, Enterobacter citrate, pneumococcus, streptococcus B, Cordeiro strains of Staphylococcus MIC, and ciprofloxacin and control, at the same time observe protective effect of the extract of honeysuckle on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneunmniae infection. Results: The extract of honeysuckle on the separation of clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, E. coil, B streptococcus, E. coli, staphylococcus CoMeiro, onion Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus aureus standards, Bacillus subtilis has strong inhibitory effect, MIC in 37.5-lO0.0mg, honeysuckle extract 20g/kg and 40g/kg dose of Staphylococcus aureus and 40g/kg dose of pneumococcus infection in mice can reduce, the mortality rate; protection rates were 63.2% and 68.a%, 47.4% and extended survival in mice infected with the number of days, Conclusions: Honeysuckle extract with in vitro inhibitory effect of Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae infections and has a therapeutic effect.*

Study on Antiviral Effect of Honeysuckle Extract

Ji Zhi-ping, Zhu Xuan-xuan, Ni Wen-peng, Wu Xutong. Zhong Guo Yi Yao Dao Kan. 2009; 11(1): 92-93

Objective: To investigate the antiviral activity of the extract of honeysuckle. Methods: The influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34) infection in mice to observe the inhibitory rate of lung index and the rate of protection.Results:40g/kg and 20g/kg dose group of The extract of honeysuckle have apparent protective effect on mice infected with influenza A virus (A/PR/8/34).The protection rate was 58.7 percent and 69.0 percent, to Significantly reduce the influenza A virus infection in the lungs of mice value index. Pulmonary index inhibition rates were 14.6% and 18.7%.It had significant difference (P<0.05, P<0.01), compared with the virus control group. Histological examination showed that mice with viral pneumonia, mainly purulent bronchitis, pneumonia and lobular pneumonia. Honeysuckle extract could significantly reduce the lung disease. Conclusion: The extract of honeysuckle has the anti-influenza A virus effect.*

Anti-inflammatory Mechanism of the Lonicerae japonica Thunb. Extract

CUI Xiaoyan, WANG Suxia, HOU Yongli. Zhong Guo Yao Fang. 2007; 18(24): 1861-1863

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of the Lonicerae japonica Thunb. Extract(LTE). METHODS: The changes in the levels of MDA, PGE2, Histamine and 5-HT in exudates of paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats were detected using biochemical analysis; and the weight of adrenal gland and the content of Vitamin C in adrenal gland in normal mice were measured as well. RESULTS: The results showed that after intragastric administration for 5 consecutive days, LTE(2.5, 5, and 10g·kg^-1) markedly inhibited the hind paw edema and decreased the levels of MDA, PGE2, Histamine and 5-HT in exudates of paw edema induced by carrageenan in rats. However, LTE (at different dose) has no effect on the weight of adrenal and the content of Vitamin C in normal mice. CONCLUSION: By means of inhibiting the production or release of the local inflammatory factors, LTE has the anti-inflammatory effect, which is similar to that of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.*

Herba Taraxaci Mongolicicum - Pu gong yin

Pu Gong Ying injection had in vitro inhibitory effect on drug resistant strains of staphylococcus aureus and hemolytic streptococcus; it also had certain killing effect on diplococcus pneumoniae, meningococcus, bacilius diphtheriae, bacillus pyocyaneus, bacillus proteus and shigella dysenteriae. 1:400 extract fluid of Pu gong yin had in vitro inhibitory effect on tubercle bacillus. Its alcohol extract at the dosage of 31mg/kg could kill leptospira, and it also had inhibitory effect on some fungi.*

Main Medical Effect of the Extracts from Herba taraxaci and Total Flavones in Chamaejasmine

Su Sheng-hua, JIN Ya-ping, QIN Xin-xi, SONG Yu-min. Xi Bei Nong Ye Xue Bao. 2008; 17(4): 181-185

In order to study the bacteriostasis and anti-inflammatory and antipyretic effects of the extracts from Herba taraxaci and total flavones in chamaejasmine. The bacteriostasis and the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of three extracts on S. aureas, E. coli, S. dysagalactie were detected by plate process and test tube method. The antipyretic and anti-inflammatory action were observed by pyretic rabbits, induced by intravenous injection of milk and mice with ear swelling induced by xylene. The results showed that the fraction of Herba taraxaci eluted with 40% of ethanol (40%HT) and total flavones in chamaejasmine (TFC) had midrange in inhibitory effect on those bacteria, and the combination of 40% HT and TFC had significant efficacy. TFC and 40% HT at dose of 500, 250 mg/kg and 90% HT at 500 mg/kg had significant inhibitory effect on ear swelling in mice(P<0.01). Two extracts from Herba taraxaci both had significant antipyretic action(P<0.01 or P<0.05), but TFC didn’t’ have the function.*

Fructus Gardeniae Jasminoidis - Zhi zi

Water decoction of zhi zi had in vitro inhibitory effect on bacilius diphtheriae, staphylococcus aureus, typhoid bacillus, bacillus paratyphosus, hemolytic streptococcus A and B, diplococcus pneumoniae and meningococcus, etc.. It could also antagonize leptospira and schistosome.*

Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects of Total Glucosides of Cape Jasmine

WU Hong, WEI Wei, SONG Li-hua. Zhong Guo Zhong Yi Yao Xin Xi Za Zhi. 2006; 13(7): 31-33.

Objective: To research anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of total glucosides of Cape Jasmine (TGCJ). Method: Claw swelling induced by carrageen, capillary permeability increase induced by acetic acid and tampon granuloma induced with tampon embedding method were studied to observe the anti-inflammatory effects of TGCJ. Pain threshold of mice were determined with hot-plate test and the response of writhes induced by acetic acid to observe the analgesic effects of TGCJ. Result: The large, medium dosage of TGCJ (80, 40 mL/kg) significantly inhibited carrageen-induced rat paw edema and tampon granuloma. The large, medium, small dosage of TGCJ (160, 80, 40 mL/kg) significantly inhibited the capillary permeability induced by acetic acid. The large, medium, small dosage of TGCJ (160, 80, 40 mL/kg) reduced the number of writhes induced by acetic acid in mice, and increased pain threshold of mice. Conclusion: TGCJ has significant anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects, and TGCJ is the effective part obtained from Cape Jasmine.*

Antivirus effects of extract from gardenia

Wang Yi-zhong, Cui Xiao-lan, Gao Ying-jie, Guo Shan-shan, Wang Xiu-kun, Huang Yang, Zhao Ye, Gong Weng-feng. Zhong Guo Zhong Yao Za Zhi. 2006; 31(14): 1176-1178

Objective: To observe the effect of the extract from gardenia on influenza viral pneumonia in mice and virus-induced cytopathic effect. Method: The influenza virus in the nasal infected the mice and  lung inflammation, mortality rate and life elongation rate were observed respectively. The anti-viral activity of the extract from gardenia was accessed by cytopathic effect (CPE) in vitro and 0% toxicity concentration (TC0), 50% toxicity concentration (TC50), 50% inhibitor concentration (IC50), therapeutic index (TI) were determined by Reed Muench method. Result: The pneumonia induced by influenza virus in mice was inhibited significantly by the extract from gardenia, as the mortality rate decreased and the life elongation rate increased remarkably. Meanwhile the NO content in serum decreased significantly; The cytopathic effect induced by six kinds of viruses was inhibited remarkably. Conclusion: The six kinds of viruses were inhibited significantly by the extract from gardenia which inhibitory effect on mice influenza viral pneumonia was related to the NO content decreased.*

Radix sophora flavescens - Ku shen

in vitro tests showed that 1% matrine had obvious inhibitory effect on bacillus dysenteriae, bacillus coli, bacillus proteus, streptococcus B and staphylococcus aureus. Vaginal suppository or subcutaneous injection of matrine could inhibit the growth and pathogenicity of trichomonas vaginalis. in vitro and in vivo test showed that ku shen had anti coxsackie virus effect.*

In vitro Antibacterial Activity of Extract Sophorae Flavescentis Against Staphylococcus epidermidis

YANG Jie, LIU Ping, WU Xiao-yu. Zhong Hua Yi Yuan Gan Ran Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2007; 17(11): 1357-1358

Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial activity of Extract Sophorae Flavescentis (ESF) against Staphylococcus epidermidis in vitro. Methods: Determination of the antibacterial activity of ESF, against 208 strains S. epidermidis was performed by using an agar dilution method. Results: The antibacterial efficiency of ESF against 208 strains of S. epidermidis was good, and the MIC90 of that against 110 strains of MRSE and 98 strains of MSSE were 1185 mg/ml and 0. 286 mg/ml, respectively. Conclusions: Extract Sophorae Flavescentis has strong antibacterial activity against 208 strains of S. epidermidis.*

Herba Artemisiae Annuae - Qing hao

Ether extract, alcohol extract and arteannuic acid had certain inhibitory effect on gram positive bacilli. in vitro tests showed that arteannuin had direct killing effect on plasmodium.*

The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity of artemisinin derivatives

WANG Jun-xia, TANG Wei, ZUO Jian-ping. Guo Ji Yao Xue Yan Jiu Za Zhi. 2007; 34(5): 336-340

Artemisinin and its derivatives exhibit potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activity. In clinical investigations, they were used for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), dermatitis and rheumatic arthritis (RA) with promising results. In laboratory studies, they showed anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect on various animal disease models. Recently, a series of new artemisinin derivatives have been synthesized to develop potent immunosuppressive agents. However, the underlying mechanisms mediating their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects are still unknown. Here, we introduce the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effect of artemisinin and its derivatives, and discuss their possible mechanisms based on the recent studies in literature.*

Baicalin (alcohol extract)

In-vivo Anti-virus Effect of Baicalein on Influenza A Virus.

Wu Xiuhua, Liu Ni, Yang Li, Shen Hairong. Guang Zhou Zhong Yi Yao Da Xue Xue Bao. Issue 2, Vol. 26, 2009, Pages 157-159

Objective: To investigate the anti-virus effect of baicalein on influenza A virus in vivo. Methods: NIH mice were randomized into the normal control group, model group, virazole group (at the dose of 0. 07 g·kg^-1·d^-1), high-, middle- and low-dose baicalein groups (100, 10 and 1μg·kg^-1·d^-1 respectively). Mice infected models were induced by intranasal drip of influenza A virus strain FM1. The lung index, inhibitory rate of lung index, survival rate and death prevention rate as well as the pathological changes of lungs were observed. Results: Compared with the normal control group, the lung index and survival rate were decreased (P<0.01), and inflammatory changes were shown in the lungs; the lung index and survival rate were markedly increased in high-dose baicalein group (P<0.05 compared with the model group), and the lung inflammatory changes were relieved, the above effects being similar to those of virazole. Conclusion: Baicalein exerts certain in-vivo antivirus effect on influenza A virus.*

Study of Scutellaria baicalensis and Baicalin against antimicrobial susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori strains in vitro

Wu J, Hu D, Wang KX. Zhong Yao Cai. 2008 May;31(5):707-10.

Baicalin was extracted by using organic extraction methods and the purity was analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The crude alcohol extraction of Scutellaria baicalensis and Baicalin were used in broth dilution assays to test for antibacterial properties.*

The content of Baicalin was 5.01 g from 100 g Scutellaria baicalensis. The purity of Baicalin was 96.8%. The crude alcohol extraction of Scutellaria baicalensis and Baicalin were tested for their ability to inhibit H. pylori in vitro by using broth dilution assays. The MIC50 and MIC90 of Baicalin against ten strains of H. pylori were 1.04 and 1.30 mg/ml respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of the crude product against ten strains of H. pylori were 2.60 and 3.26 mg/ml respectively.*

The Baicalin and Scutellaria baicalensis are bactericidal against H. pylori. The antimicrobial activity of Baicalin is greater than that of Scutellaria baicalensis (Wu J, Hu D & Wang KX. 2008).*

Berberine

Berberine had certain antibacterial effect. It had strong inhibitory effect on staphylococcal bacteria, diplococcus pneumonlae, anthrax bacillus, shigella dysenteiae (Ren Yijun & Gao Fengxi, 2009).*

Spectrum-effect relationships between ultra performance liquid chromatography fingerprints and anti-bacterial activities of Rhizoma coptidis.

Kong WJ, Zhao YL, Xiao XH, Wang JB, Li HB, Li ZL, Jin C, Liu Y. Anal Chim Acta. 2009 Feb 23;634(2):279-85. Epub 2009 Jan 9

The fingerprints of Rhizoma coptidis from various sources were established by ultra performance liquid chromatography (UPLC) and the anti-bacterial activities of R. coptidis on Escherichia coli (E. coli) growth was studied by microcalorimetry. The UPLC fingerprints were evaluated using similarity analysis (SA) and hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA). Some quantitative parameters obtained from the thermo-genic curves of E. coli growth affected by R. coptidis were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). The spectrum-effect relationships between UPLC fingerprints and anti-bacterial activities were investigated using canonical correlation analysis (CCA). The results showed that close correlation existed between the spectrum-effect relationships. Berberine, jateorrhizine and palmatine in the UPLC fingerprints might be the main anti-bacterial components. The anti-bacterial activities of R. coptidis were related with the main active constituents, along with the production place and the harvesting time of this herb, the latitude and longitude of the place. This work provides a general model of the combination of UPLC and microcalorimetry to study the spectrum-effect relationships of R. coptidis, which can be used to discover principle components of it on bioactivity.*

Effect of berberine on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm formation.

Wang X, Yao X, Zhu Z, Tang T, Dai K, Sadovskaya I, Flahaut S, Jabbouri S. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2009 Jul;34(1):60-6. Epub 2009 Jan 20

Staphylococcus epidermidis is one of the main causes of medical device-related infections owing to its adhesion and biofilm-forming abilities on biomaterial surfaces. Berberine is an isoquinoline-type alkaloid isolated from Coptidis rhizoma (Huang lian in Chinese) and other herbs with many activities against various disorders. Although the inhibitory effects of berberine on planktonic bacteria have been investigated in a few studies, the capacity of berberine to inhibit biofilm formation has not been reported to date. In this study, we observed that berberine is bacteriostatic for S. epidermidis and that sub-minimal inhibitory concentrations of berberine blocked the formation of S.epidermidis biofilm. Using viability assays and berberine uptake testing, berberine at a concentration of 15-30mug/mL was shown to inhibit bacterial metabolism. Data from this study also indicated that modest concentrations of berberine (30-45mug/mL) were sufficient to exhibit an antibacterial effect and to inhibit biofilm formation significantly, as shown by the tissue culture plate (TCP) method, confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy for both S. epidermidis ATCC 35984 and a clinical isolate strain SE243. Although the mechanisms of bacterial killing and inhibition of biofilm formation are not fully understood, data from this investigation indicated a potential application for berberine as an adjuvant therapeutic agent for the prevention of biofilm-related infections.*

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*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.